Nigeria: At least 150 peaceful pro-Biafra activists killed in crackdown

Analysis of 87 videos, 122 photographs and 146 eye witness testimonies relating to demonstrations and other gatherings between August 2015 and August 2016 consistently shows that the military fired live ammunition with little or no warning to disperse crowds. It also finds

evidence of mass extrajudicial executions by security forces, including at least 60 people shot dead in the space of two days in connection with events to mark Biafra Remembrance Day.

“This deadly repression of pro-Biafra activists is further stoking tensions in the south east of Nigeria. This reckless and trigger-happy approach to crowd control has caused at least 150 deaths and we fear the act ual total might be far higher,” said Makmid Kamara, Interim Director of Amnesty International Nigeria.

“The Nigerian government’s decision to send in the military to respond to pro-Biafra events seems to be in large part to blame for this
excessive bloodshed. The authorities must immediately launch an impartial investigation and bring the perpetrators to book.”

Since August 2015, there has been a series of protests, marches and gatherings by members and supporters of IPOB (Indigenous People of Biafra) who have been seeking the creation of a Biafran state.Tensions increased further following the arrest of IPOB leader Nnamdi
Kanu on 14 October 2015. He remains in detention.

By far the largest number of pro-Biafra activists were killed on Biafra Remembrance Day on 30 May 2016 when an estimated 1,000 IPOB
members and supporters gathered for a rally in Onitsha, Anambra State. The night before the rally, the security forces raided homes and a
church where IPOB members were sleeping.

On Remembrance Day itself, the security forces shot people in several locations. Amnesty International has not been able to verify the exact number of extrajudicial executions, but estimates that at least 60 people were killed and 70 injured in these two days. The real number
is likely to be higher.

Ngozi (not her real name), a 28-year-old mother of one, told Amnesty International that her husband left in the morning to go to work but
called her shortly afterwards to say that the military had shot him in his abdomen. He said he was in a military vehicle with six others,
four of whom were already dead. She told Amnesty International: “he started whispering and said they just stopped [the vehicle]. He was
scared they would kill the remaining three of them that were alive... He paused and told me they were coming closer. I heard gunshots and I
did not hear a word from him after that.”

The next day Ngozi searched for her husband and finally found his body in a nearby mortuary. The mortuary attendants told her that the
military had brought him and six others. She saw three gunshot wounds: one in his abdomen and two in his chest, which confirmed her fear that the military had executed him.

Amnesty International has also reviewed videos of a peaceful gathering of IPOB members and supporters at Aba National High School on 9
February 2016. The Nigerian military surrounded the group and then fired live ammunition at them without any prior warning.

According to eyewitnesses and local human rights activists, many of the protesters at Aba were rounded up and taken away by the military.
On 13 February 13 corpses, including those of men known to have been taken by the military, were discovered in a pit near the Aba highway.

“It is chilling to see how these soldiers gunned down peaceful IPOB members. The video evidence shows that this was a military operation
with intent to kill and injure,” said Makmid Kamara.

Eyewitness testimony and video footage of the rallies, marches and meetings demonstrate that the Nigerian military deliberately used
deadly force.

In many of the incidents detailed in the report, including the Aba High School protest, the military applied tactics designed to kill and
neutralize an enemy, rather than to ensure public order at a peaceful event.

All IPOB gatherings documented by Amnesty International were largely peaceful. In those cases where there were pockets of violence, it was mostly in reaction to shooting by the security forces. Eyewitnesses told Amnesty International that some protesters threw stones, burned tyres and in one incident shot at the police. Regardless, these acts of violence and disorder did not justify the level of force used
against the whole assembly.

Amnesty International’s research also shows a disturbing pattern of hundreds of arbitrary arrests and ill-treatment by soldiers during and
after IPOB events, including arrests of wounded victims in hospital, and torture and other ill-treatment of detainees.

Vincent Ogbodo (not his real name), a 26-year-old trader, said he was shot on Remembrance Day in Nkpor and hid in a gutter. When soldiers
found him they poured acid on him. He told Amnesty International:

“I covered my face. I would have been blind by now. He poured acid on my hands. My hands and body started burning. The flesh was burning…They dragged me out of the gutter. They said I’ll die slowly.”

A man who was detained in Onitsha Barracks after the Remembrance Day shooting on 30 May 2016 told Amnesty International: “Those in the guard room [detention] were flogged every morning. The soldiers tagged it ‘Morning Tea’.”

Despite this overwhelming evidence that the Nigerian security forces committed gross human rights violations including extrajudicial executions and torture, no investigations have been carried out by the authorities.

A similar pattern of lack of accountability for gross violations by the military has been documented in other parts of Nigeria including
the north east in the context of operations against Boko Haram.

“Amnesty International has repeatedly called on the government of Nigeria to initiate independent investigations into evidence of crimes
under international law, and President Buhari has repeatedly promised that Amnesty International’s reports would be looked into. However, no
concrete steps have been taken,” said Makmid Kamara.

In the very rare cases where an investigation is carried out, there is no follow up. As a result of the apparent lack of political will to
investigate and prosecute perpetrators of such crimes, the military continues to commit human rights violations and grave crimes with
impunity.

In addition to investigations, the Nigerian government must ensure adequate reparations for the victims, including the families. They
should end all use of military in policing demonstrations and ensure the police are adequately instructed, trained and equipped to deal
with crowd-control situations in line with international law and standards. In particular, firearms must never be used as a tool for
crowd control.