India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission and COP 28 commitment

The National Green Hydrogen Mission seeks to foster innovation and widespread adoption of green hydrogen technologies within the transportation industry.

Its primary objective is to integrate green hydrogen as a fuel source for various vehicles, including four-wheelers, buses, and trucks.

Through this initiative, the MNRE hopes to stimulate the development of infrastructure and technologies related to green hydrogen, with a dedicated budget of INR 496 crores allocated until the fiscal year 2025-2026.

The initiative underscores the government's commitment to promoting clean energy solutions and tackling climate change through advancements in the transportation sector.

Carried out in partnership with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and other agencies, these programmes place also emphasize infrastructure development, such as building hydrogen refuelling stations and exploring innovative applications of hydrogen.

This includes researching the feasibility of using green hydrogen-derived methanol/ethanol and other synthetic fuels in vehicles.

Earlier on February 1, during the recent Interim Budget announcement, Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, cleared major new public investments in clean energy.

 She announced a significant 102% increase in funding for the National Green Hydrogen Mission which translates to an allocation of ₹600 crore for 2024-25, compared to ₹297 crore in the previous year.

The release of the guidelines for pilot projects under then National Green Hydrogen Mission came in the wake of this allocation.

The Indian government launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission on August 15, 2021.

During his address to the nation on India's 75th Independence Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reiterated the government's commitment to combating climate change through the introduction of the National Hydrogen Mission.

Acknowledging India's dependence on energy imports, Modi called for energy independence by 2047, citing the National Hydrogen Mission and various other schemes as key drivers for this transition to clean energy.

He emphasized the goal of surpassing the targeted 100 GW renewable energy achievement by 2030 and highlighted the crucial role of green hydrogen in meeting India's climate objectives.

Green hydrogen, produced using renewable sources such as wind and solar, stands as a critical element in the ambitious plan to transform India into a global green hydrogen hub.

Hydrogen's potential as a clean fuel dates back centuries, from Jules Verne's dreams to powering Apollo missions.

Despite advancements by companies like Honda and Toyota, challenges persist.

Extracted from water or fossil fuels, hydrogen has varying environmental impacts.

Green hydrogen, derived from renewables, is the cleanest but needs scaled-up production.

In India, with a coal-centric grid limiting electric vehicles, hydrogen emerges for long-haul transport.

Fuel cells in these vehicles produce electricity with only water vapour emissions, claiming minimal carbon footprints and efficiency advantages.

Slow adoption is due to a lack of hydrogen fuelling stations, safety concerns, and the pivotal challenge of scaling up technology.

India's Hydrogen Energy Mission strives to overcome these hurdles for a cleaner hydrogen-powered future.

In September 2022, top officials from the EU and India launched a forum to accelerate cooperation on green Hydrogen.

Both regions have ambitious plans for green hydrogen, with India's National Hydrogen Mission and the EU's Hydrogen Strategy outlining production targets.

Both parties envisaged green hydrogen as key to energy security, supply chain development, and sustainable development.

The EU was particularly motivated by the recent Ukraine crisis, which ignited their desire for energy independence.

The joint forum aimed to exchange knowledge, explore joint projects, and establish standards for hydrogen production, trade, and applications. It set the stage for future collaboration between the EU and India in this critical field.

The National Green Hydrogen Mission received an initial investment of Rs 19,744 crore, which was distributed across four key areas. Rs 17,490 crore is allocated for the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) program, which aims to boost infrastructure and production capacity.

Rs 1,466 crore were set aside for pilot projects to test the feasibility and effectiveness of using green hydrogen in various sectors like transportation and industry.

Rs 400 crore were allocated for research and development to advance green hydrogen technologies and make them more affordable. Rs 388 crore is reserved for other essential aspects of the mission, such as capacity building and awareness campaigns.

A significant portion of mission funding would go directly towards building a domestic industry for manufacturing electrolysers, the technology used to extract hydrogen from water.

Additionally, a substantial sum was dedicated to research and development, aiming to position us as global leaders in this field. Missing out on this opportunity again wasn't an option, and this initiative appeared to be steering the country in the right direction.

Maharashtra became the first state of the country to introduce a green hydrogen policy.

The Maharashtra cabinet approved the state's Green Hydrogen Policy in July 2023 to promote renewable energy and green hydrogen projects in the state. The state cabinet also approved Rs 8,562 crore for the implementation of this policy.

The policy aims to produce five million tonnes of green hydrogen annually in the country by 2023.

It will provide incentives to projects that procure renewable energy through open access, from in-state or out-of-state power distribution companies, power exchanges, for self-consumption.

50 per cent and 60 per cent concession will be given in transmission charges and wheeling charges respectively for the next ten years from the time of project implementation.

Standalone and hybrid power plants will be given 100 per cent concession in power tariff for the next 10 years and 15 years respectively and will also be exempted from cross subsidy and surcharge.

Around the same time, The World Bank announced the investment of $1.5 billion to help India develop low-carbon energy.

This included expanding renewable energy, developing green hydrogen (fuel created from water using renewable electricity), and attracting private investment. Green hydrogen is crucial for decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries like steel and fertilizer.

The project aimed at scaling up renewable energy capacity, improve grid integration, and support the launch of a national carbon market, in harmony with the World Bank's broader efforts to promote clean energy development globally.

India's biggest fuel company, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), began testing green hydrogen-powered buses in Delhi and surrounding areas in September 2023.

Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri launched the trial with two Tata Motors-built hydrogen fuel cell buses, aiming to expand to 15 buses by year-end.

These buses were to cover a pre-determined 100+ km route in Delhi NCR, accumulating over 3 lakh kilometres to assess their long-term performance and durability. Initially, they were to run without passengers as safety standards for using hydrogen fuel in vehicles were still being developed.

These buses offered an attractive alternative to traditional fuels, boasting near-zero emissions and greater efficiency than internal combustion engines.

By leveraging the expertise of Indian Oil Corporation for this initial project, the government made a wise decision.

However, expanding access to green hydrogen will require further expertise development and international partnerships.

These pilot projects are envisioned to nurture a green hydrogen ecosystem within the transportation industry.

The government actively supports this objective by promoting infrastructure development, including refuelling stations and distribution networks, to facilitate the broader adoption of green hydrogen.

Notably, with the anticipated decrease in green hydrogen production costs, green hydrogen-based vehicles are expected to become more practical and widely adopted in the coming years, ultimately advancing environmentally responsible and sustainable practices in transportation.

Achievement of India's ambitious Net Zero target by 2070 depends on widespread decarbonisation efforts across diverse sectors. Green Hydrogen has emerged as a promising option against this context, enabling industries like iron ore and steel, fertilizers, refining, methanol, and maritime shipping to transition towards cleaner operations.

Adoption of Green Hydrogen also presents an opportunity for energy independence, potentially replacing, or at least reducing, fossil fuel imports worth Rs 1 lakh crore by 2030.

Recognizing this potential, significant investments have been made to bolster renewable energy capacity and create an incentivized ecosystem conducive to Green Hydrogen development.

These combined efforts pave the way for a greener future powered by sustainable and self-sufficient energy sources.
 

About the author

Dr Maheep is a leading analyst in the field of International Relations and Global politics. He contributes articles regularly on issues of utmost importance for the humanity.